Austen's novels remained in print throughout the 19th century, it was the scholarly work of Robert William Chapman (1881-1960) that produced the first modern edition, in 1923; he revised his work in 1925 and 1933. Chapman had planned to edit Austen's novels as early as 1912 with Katharine Marion Metcalfe, and completed it, with her assistance, in 1923. His editions were "judiciously annotated and accompanied by numerous appendixes of great importance" (DNB), and they firmly established Austen's novels within the otherwise male canon of English literature.